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Psychology
Mostafa Malekian: Types of Fear and Their Definitions
Fear encompasses varieties such as terror, awe, dread, alarm, panic, phobia, trepidation, and fright; Mostafa Malekian examines the definition of each, distinguishes stress and anxiety from the category of fear, and classifies emotions as positive, negative, and neutral.
Fear is a title that encompasses all of these, and the rest are counted as types of fear. Some of these are unanimously agreed upon, but others are disputed even among psychologists themselves.
Types of Fear and Their Definitions
1- وحشت: Fear arising from loneliness, from being alone.
2- خشیت (Arabic): Fear arising from a sense of grandeur. For example, when you go before a figure like Einstein. There is no good expression for it in Persian, but it has an English equivalent {the professor did not mention it}.
3- هراس (Persian) (horror): Fear arising from insecurity.
4- بیم (Persian): Fear of a future event; the unknown nature of the future creates fear in us. I do not know what will happen in the future.
5- هول: Fear arising from not knowing what the outcome of the conflict and struggle between two sides will be. It is for when matters seem suspended in your view, meaning you do not know which side will prevail, which side of the seesaw will go down.
6- فوبیا (phobia): Fear that has an irrational cause, which a normal person should not, as a rule, be afraid of. Such as fear of enclosed spaces.
7- دلهُره: There is no unanimously agreed-upon definition for it; sometimes دلهره is interpreted as "existential fear," and they say دلهره arises from existential limitations (limitations in knowledge or ability, or both). Some, like Jaspers, say دلهره is fear in a boundary situation, such as the danger of death on the battlefield or losing a beloved. I myself do not have a decisive opinion regarding دلهره; I can only quote. 8-خوف (Arabic) (dread): It has no good Persian equivalent; some say سراسیمهگی, but I know of no equivalent for it in Persian. This is also not unanimously agreed upon. It seems to me that dread is the fear arising from desperation {helplessness, wretchedness}. The fear that my hand can reach nowhere anymore. Fear arising from utter wretchedness.
These two fears are given much attention by the existentialists, but they themselves also have disagreements regarding their interpretation. Stress is not at all in the category of fear; it is a type of psychological pressure. Depression and anxiety are also not fear.
? Feelings, emotions, and affects are of three kinds: 1) Positive: everyone agrees they are positive. 2) Negative: everyone agrees they are negative. 3) Neutral (not truly neutral): depending on their object, they are positive or negative. For example, hope or love depends on what you hope for, whom you love. I must reflect on these types of fear one by one to say which are positive, negative, or neutral.
As far as I had once counted, apparently in psychology and philosophy, 11 types of fear have been distinguished, but I do not remember all of them now.
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Types of Fear and Their Definitions
Mostafa Malekian | July 2016
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Discussion1 comments
خوشبختانه در دیکشنری آکسفورد جدید، همه انواع معانی ترس قابل سرچ و مطالعه ست که بدلیل طولانی بودن فقط چند نمونه مهمش را درج میکنم از قبیل: fright : a feeling of fear, usually sudden phobia : a strong unreasonable fear or hatred of sth terror : a feeling of extreme fear Dread : a feeling of great fear about sth that might or will happen in the future; a thing that causes this fear Horror : all the terrible things connected with a shocking or frightening situation or experience. trauma : an unpleasant or shocking experience that makes you feel upset and/or anxious, usually for a long time afterwards panic : a sudden feeling of great fear that cannot be controlled and prevents you from thinking clearly fear : the bad feeling that you have when you are in danger, when sth bad might happen, or when a particular thing frightens you .... اما ذکر نکته ای ضروری ست بدین معنا که در روانشناسی بالینی امروزه اضطراب بعنوان پایه و اساس مبنایی، مفروض یا مکشوف گشته و فهرست بندی میشود و سایر امراض فرعی و ثانوی بعنوان تابعی تبدیلی از آن اضطراب اصلی تعریف و طبقه بندی میشود. لذا مراجعه به کتب تخصصی روانشناسی احتمالا دقیق تر و علمی تر از دیکشنری باشد. مثلا وجه تمایز اضطراب از ترس را از صفحه 189 کتاب DSM5 ( آخرین ورژن ) درج میکنم، ( زحمت ترجمه با خود دوستان ) Anxiety diSOrdGrS include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat. Obviously, these two states overlap, but they also differ, with fear more often associated with surges of autonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviors, and anxiety more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors. Sometimes the level of fear or anxiety is reduced by pervasive avoidance behaviors. Panic attacks feature prominently within the anxiety disorders as a particular type of fear response. Panic attacks are not limited to anxiety disorders but rather can be seen in other mental disorders as well. The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and the associated cognitive ideation. Thus, while the anxiety disorders tend to be highly comorbid with each other, they can be differentiated by close examination of the types of situations that are feared or avoided and the content of the associated thoughts or beliefs. ....